Carsten Rieger IT-Services - Alle Anleitungen Nextcloud Installationsanleitungen

Nextcloud 23 Installationsanleitung mit Apache2

von |Aktualisiert
Nextcloud 23 mit Apache2

Neuere Version verfügbar:

Nextcloud Installationsanleitung Apache2

Diese Nextcloud 23 Installationsanleitung beschreibt die Installation, Konfiguration und Härtung sowie einige Erweiterungsmöglichkeiten von Nextcloud Hub II (aka Nextcloud 23) auf einem Ubuntu Server 20.04.x LTS Focal Fossa (x86-64) bzw. Debian Server 11 bullseye (x86-64).

Die Installation basiert dabei auf den Komponenten Apache2, optional Let’s Encrypt TLS 1.3, MariaDB 10.6.x, PHP 8.x (php-fpm), Redis, Fail2ban und ufw und erhält abschließend sowohl von Nextcloud, als auch von Qualys SSL Labs eine A+ Sicherheitsbewertung.

Im Verlauf dieser Anleitung müssen Sie nur die rot markierten Werte wie bspw. ihre.domain.de oder 192.168.2.x und /var/nc-data mit den entsprechenden Werten Ihres Systems ersetzen.

Systemvoraussetzungen

sudo -s
add-apt-repository universe && apt update -q4 && apt upgrade -y
apt install -y software-properties-common curl gnupg2 git lsb-release ssl-cert ca-certificates apt-transport-https tree locate software-properties-common dirmngr screen htop net-tools zip unzip bzip2 ffmpeg ghostscript libfile-fcntllock-perl libfontconfig1 libfuse2 socat wget
add-apt-repository -y ppa:ondrej/php && add-apt-repository -y ppa:ondrej/apache2
apt update -q4 && apt upgrade -y && apt autoremove -y && apt autoclean -y

Notwendige Verzeichnisse anlegen (Annahme: /var/nc_data wird das Nextcloud-Datenverzeichnis):

mkdir -p /var/www /var/nc_data
chown -R www-data:www-data /var/nc_data /var/www

Installation der Datenbank MariaDB

apt-key adv --recv-keys --keyserver hkps://keyserver.ubuntu.com:443 0xF1656F24C74CD1D8
add-apt-repository 'deb [arch=amd64] http://ftp.hosteurope.de/mirror/mariadb.org/repo/10.6/ubuntu focal main'
apt update -q4 && apt install -y mariadb-server

Härtung der MariaDB-Datenbank

mysql_secure_installation

Konfiguration der MariaDB-Datenbank

service mariadb stop && mv /etc/mysql/my.cnf /etc/mysql/my.cnf.bak && nano /etc/mysql/my.cnf

Tragen Sie alle Zeilen in die leere Datei ein:

[client]
default-character-set = utf8mb4
port = 3306
socket = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
[mysqld_safe]
log_error=/var/log/mysql/mysql_error.log
nice = 0
socket = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
[mysqld]
basedir = /usr
bind-address = 127.0.0.1
binlog_format = ROW
bulk_insert_buffer_size = 16M
character-set-server = utf8mb4
collation-server = utf8mb4_general_ci
concurrent_insert = 2
connect_timeout = 5
datadir = /var/lib/mysql
default_storage_engine = InnoDB
expire_logs_days = 2
general_log_file = /var/log/mysql/mysql.log
general_log = 0
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 1024M
innodb_buffer_pool_instances = 1
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2
innodb_log_buffer_size = 32M
innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct = 90
innodb_file_per_table = 1
innodb_open_files = 400
innodb_io_capacity = 4000
innodb_flush_method = O_DIRECT
innodb_read_only_compressed=OFF
key_buffer_size = 128M
lc_messages_dir = /usr/share/mysql
lc_messages = en_US
log_bin = /var/log/mysql/mariadb-bin
log_bin_index = /var/log/mysql/mariadb-bin.index
log_error = /var/log/mysql/mysql_error.log
log_slow_verbosity = query_plan
log_warnings = 2
long_query_time = 1
max_allowed_packet = 16M
max_binlog_size = 100M
max_connections = 200
max_heap_table_size = 64M
myisam_recover_options = BACKUP
myisam_sort_buffer_size = 512M
port = 3306
pid-file = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid
query_cache_limit = 2M
query_cache_size = 64M
query_cache_type = 1
query_cache_min_res_unit = 2k
read_buffer_size = 2M
read_rnd_buffer_size = 1M
skip-external-locking
skip-name-resolve
slow_query_log_file = /var/log/mysql/mariadb-slow.log
slow-query-log = 1
socket = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
sort_buffer_size = 4M
table_open_cache = 400
thread_cache_size = 128
tmp_table_size = 64M
tmpdir = /tmp
transaction_isolation = READ-COMMITTED
#unix_socket=OFF
user = mysql
wait_timeout = 600
[mysqldump]
max_allowed_packet = 16M
quick
quote-names
[isamchk]
key_buffer = 16M

Neustart der MariaDB-Datenbank und Anlegen der Nextcloud Datenbank sowie des Benutzers:

service mariadb restart
mysql -uroot -p -e "CREATE DATABASE nextcloud CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_general_ci; CREATE USER nextcloud@localhost identified by 'nextcloud'; GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES on nextcloud.* to nextcloud@localhost; FLUSH privileges;"

Installation PHP 8.0

apt update -q4 && apt install -y redis-server libapache2-mod-php8.0 php8.0-{fpm,gd,mysql,curl,xml,zip,intl,mbstring,bz2,ldap,apcu,bcmath,gmp,imagick,igbinary,redis,smbclient,cli,common,opcache,readline,imagick,redis} imagemagick unzip

Setzen Sie das richtige Datumsformat (exemplarisch Europa/Berlin)

timedatectl set-timezone Europe/Berlin

Bevor wir mit den Optimierungen von PHP beginnen sichern wir die Konfigurationsdateien:

cp /etc/php/8.0/fpm/pool.d/www.conf /etc/php/8.0/fpm/pool.d/www.conf.bak
cp /etc/php/8.0/fpm/php-fpm.conf /etc/php/8.0/fpm/php-fpm.conf.bak
cp /etc/php/8.0/cli/php.ini /etc/php/8.0/cli/php.ini.bak
cp /etc/php/8.0/fpm/php.ini /etc/php/8.0/fpm/php.ini.bak
cp /etc/php/8.0/apache2/php.ini /etc/php/8.0/apache2/php.ini.bak
cp /etc/php/8.0/fpm/php-fpm.conf /etc/php/8.0/fpm/php-fpm.conf.bak
cp /etc/php/8.0/mods-available/apcu.ini /etc/php/8.0/mods-available/apcu.ini.bak
cp /etc/ImageMagick-6/policy.xml /etc/ImageMagick-6/policy.xml.bak

Berechnung der PHP-FPM-Tweaks

AvailableRAM=$(awk '/MemAvailable/ {printf "%d", $2/1024}' /proc/meminfo)
AverageFPM=$(ps --no-headers -o 'rss,cmd' -C php-fpm8.0 | awk '{ sum+=$1 } END { printf ("%d\n", sum/NR/1024,"M") }')
FPMS=$((AvailableRAM/AverageFPM))
PMaxSS=$((FPMS*2/3))
PMinSS=$((PMaxSS/2))
PStartS=$(((PMaxSS+PMinSS)/2))

Führen Sie nun alle nachfolgenden Optimierungen durch:

sed -i 's/;env\[HOSTNAME\] = /env[HOSTNAME] = /' /etc/php/8.0/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sed -i 's/;env\[TMP\] = /env[TMP] = /' /etc/php/8.0/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sed -i 's/;env\[TMPDIR\] = /env[TMPDIR] = /' /etc/php/8.0/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sed -i 's/;env\[TEMP\] = /env[TEMP] = /' /etc/php/8.0/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sed -i 's/;env\[PATH\] = /env[PATH] = /' /etc/php/8.0/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sed -i 's/pm.max_children =.*/pm.max_children = '$FPMS'/' /etc/php/8.0/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sed -i 's/pm.start_servers =.*/pm.start_servers = '$PStartS'/' /etc/php/8.0/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sed -i 's/pm.min_spare_servers =.*/pm.min_spare_servers = '$PMinSS'/' /etc/php/8.0/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sed -i 's/pm.max_spare_servers =.*/pm.max_spare_servers = '$PMaxSS'/' /etc/php/8.0/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sed -i 's/;pm.max_requests =.*/pm.max_requests = 2000/' /etc/php/8.0/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
sed -i 's/output_buffering =.*/output_buffering = 'Off'/' /etc/php/8.0/cli/php.ini
sed -i 's/max_execution_time =.*/max_execution_time = 3600/' /etc/php/8.0/cli/php.ini
sed -i 's/max_input_time =.*/max_input_time = 3600/' /etc/php/8.0/cli/php.ini
sed -i 's/post_max_size =.*/post_max_size = 10240M/' /etc/php/8.0/cli/php.ini
sed -i 's/upload_max_filesize =.*/upload_max_filesize = 10240M/' /etc/php/8.0/cli/php.ini
sed -i 's/;date.timezone.*/date.timezone = Europe\/\Berlin/' /etc/php/8.0/cli/php.ini
sed -i 's/memory_limit = 128M/memory_limit = 2048M/' /etc/php/8.0/fpm/php.ini
sed -i 's/memory_limit = 128M/memory_limit = 2048M/' /etc/php/8.0/apache2/php.ini
sed -i 's/output_buffering =.*/output_buffering = 'Off'/' /etc/php/8.0/fpm/php.ini
sed -i 's/max_execution_time =.*/max_execution_time = 3600/' /etc/php/8.0/fpm/php.ini
sed -i 's/max_input_time =.*/max_input_time = 3600/' /etc/php/8.0/fpm/php.ini
sed -i 's/post_max_size =.*/post_max_size = 10240M/' /etc/php/8.0/fpm/php.ini
sed -i 's/upload_max_filesize =.*/upload_max_filesize = 10240M/' /etc/php/8.0/fpm/php.ini
sed -i 's/;date.timezone.*/date.timezone = Europe\/\Berlin/' /etc/php/8.0/fpm/php.ini
sed -i 's/;session.cookie_secure.*/session.cookie_secure = True/' /etc/php/8.0/fpm/php.ini
sed -i 's/;opcache.enable=.*/opcache.enable=1/' /etc/php/8.0/fpm/php.ini
sed -i 's/;opcache.enable_cli=.*/opcache.enable_cli=1/' /etc/php/8.0/fpm/php.ini
sed -i 's/;opcache.memory_consumption=.*/opcache.memory_consumption=128/' /etc/php/8.0/fpm/php.ini
sed -i 's/;opcache.interned_strings_buffer=.*/opcache.interned_strings_buffer=8/' /etc/php/8.0/fpm/php.ini
sed -i 's/;opcache.max_accelerated_files=.*/opcache.max_accelerated_files=10000/' /etc/php/8.0/fpm/php.ini
sed -i 's/;opcache.revalidate_freq=.*/opcache.revalidate_freq=1/' /etc/php/8.0/fpm/php.ini
sed -i 's/;opcache.save_comments=.*/opcache.save_comments=1/' /etc/php/8.0/fpm/php.ini
sed -i 's/allow_url_fopen =.*/allow_url_fopen = 1/' /etc/php/8.0/fpm/php.ini
sed -i '$aapc.enable_cli=1' /etc/php/8.0/mods-available/apcu.ini
sed -i "s|;emergency_restart_threshold.*|emergency_restart_threshold = 10|g" /etc/php/8.0/fpm/php-fpm.conf
sed -i "s|;emergency_restart_interval.*|emergency_restart_interval = 1m|g" /etc/php/8.0/fpm/php-fpm.conf
sed -i "s|;process_control_timeout.*|process_control_timeout = 10|g" /etc/php/8.0/fpm/php-fpm.conf
sed -i 's/rights=\"none\" pattern=\"PS\"/rights=\"read|write\" pattern=\"PS\"/' /etc/ImageMagick-6/policy.xml
sed -i 's/rights=\"none\" pattern=\"EPS\"/rights=\"read|write\" pattern=\"EPS\"/' /etc/ImageMagick-6/policy.xml
sed -i 's/rights=\"none\" pattern=\"PDF\"/rights=\"read|write\" pattern=\"PDF\"/' /etc/ImageMagick-6/policy.xml
sed -i 's/rights=\"none\" pattern=\"XPS\"/rights=\"read|write\" pattern=\"XPS\"/' /etc/ImageMagick-6/policy.xml
ln -s /usr/local/bin/gs /usr/bin/gs

Starten Sie nun die Dienste neu

service php8.0-fpm restart
a2dismod php8.0 && a2dismod mpm_prefork
a2enmod proxy_fcgi setenvif mpm_event http2
service apache2 restart
a2enconf php8.0-fpm
service apache2 restart && service php8.0-fpm restart

Download Nextcloud latest

wget https://download.nextcloud.com/server/releases/latest.zip
unzip latest.zip && mv nextcloud/ /var/www/html/ && chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/html/nextcloud && rm -f latest.zip

Anpassungen Redis

cp /etc/redis/redis.conf /etc/redis/redis.conf.bak
sed -i "s/port 6379/port 0/" /etc/redis/redis.conf
sed -i s/\#\ unixsocket/\unixsocket/g /etc/redis/redis.conf
sed -i "s/unixsocketperm 700/unixsocketperm 770/" /etc/redis/redis.conf 
sed -i "s/# maxclients 10000/maxclients 10240/" /etc/redis/redis.conf
usermod -aG redis www-data
cp /etc/sysctl.conf /etc/sysctl.conf.bak
sed -i '$avm.overcommit_memory = 1' /etc/sysctl.conf
reboot now

Apache2 anpassen

a2enmod rewrite headers env dir mime
nano /etc/apache2/mods-available/http2.conf
# mod_http2 doesn't work with mpm_prefork
<IfModule !mpm_prefork>
Protocols h2 h2c http/1.1
H2Direct on
H2StreamMaxMemSize 5120000000
[...]
service apache2 restart
cp /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf /etc/apache2/sites-available/001-nextcloud.conf
a2dissite 000-default.conf
nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/001-nextcloud.conf

Passen Sie die Datei und insbesondere die roten Werte an Ihr System an

<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName ihre.domain.de
ServerAlias ihre.domain.de
ServerAdmin mail@domain.de
DocumentRoot /var/www/html/nextcloud
ErrorLog /var/log/apache2/error.log
CustomLog /var/log/apache2/access.log combined
RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{SERVER_NAME} =ihre.domain.de
RewriteRule ^ https://%{SERVER_NAME}%{REQUEST_URI} [END,NE,R=permanent]
</VirtualHost>
nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/001-nextcloud-le-ssl.conf

Übernehmen Sie alle Zeilen und passen die roten Werte an Ihr System an

<IfModule mod_ssl.c>
SSLUseStapling on
SSLStaplingCache shmcb:/var/run/ocsp(128000)
<VirtualHost *:443>
SSLCertificateFile /etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem
SSLCACertificateFile /etc/ssl/certs/ssl-cert-snakeoil.pem
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/ssl/private/ssl-cert-snakeoil.key
Protocols h2 h2c http/1.1
Header add Strict-Transport-Security: "max-age=15552000;includeSubdomains"
ServerAdmin mail@domain.de
ServerName ihre.domain.de
ServerAlias ihre.domain.de
SSLEngine on
SSLCompression off
SSLOptions +StrictRequire
SSLProtocol -all +TLSv1.3 +TLSv1.2
SSLCipherSuite ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384
SSLHonorCipherOrder off
SSLSessionTickets off
ServerSignature off
SSLStaplingResponderTimeout 5
SSLStaplingReturnResponderErrors off
SSLOpenSSLConfCmd Curves X448:secp521r1:secp384r1:prime256v1
SSLOpenSSLConfCmd ECDHParameters secp384r1
SSLOpenSSLConfCmd DHParameters "/etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem"
LogLevel warn
CustomLog /var/log/apache2/access.log combined
ErrorLog /var/log/apache2/error.log
DocumentRoot /var/www/html/nextcloud
<Directory /var/www/html/nextcloud/>
Options Indexes FollowSymLinks
AllowOverride All
Require all granted
Satisfy Any
</Directory>
<IfModule mod_dav.c>
Dav off
</IfModule>
<Directory /var/nc_data/>
Require all denied
</Directory>
<Files ".ht*">
Require all denied
</Files>
TraceEnable off
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_METHOD} ^TRACK
RewriteRule .* - [R=405,L]
SetEnv HOME /var/www/html/nextcloud
SetEnv HTTP_HOME /var/www/html/nextcloud
<IfModule mod_reqtimeout.c>
RequestReadTimeout body=0
</IfModule>
</VirtualHost>
</IfModule>

Sicherheit erweitern und aktivieren

openssl dhparam -dsaparam -out /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem 4096
nano /etc/apache2/apache2.conf

Setzen Sie die roten Werte: ihre.domain.de , Options FollowSymLinks MultiViews und All

ServerName ihre.domain.de
[...]
<Directory /var/www/>
Options FollowSymLinks MultiViews
AllowOverride All
Require all granted
</Directory>
service apache2 restart

Installation der Nextcloud

sudo -u www-data php /var/www/html/nextcloud/occ maintenance:install --database "mysql" --database-name "nextcloud" --database-user "nextcloud" --database-pass "nextcloud" --admin-user "Nextcloud-Admin" --admin-pass "Nextcloud-Admin-Passswort" --data-dir "/var/nc_data"

config.php korrigieren – fügen Sie die Zeilen hinzu:

sudo -u www-data nano /var/www/html/nextcloud/config/config.php

[...]
),
'datadirectory' => '/var/nc_data',
'overwrite.cli.url' => 'https://ihre.domain.de/',
'htaccess.RewriteBase' => '/',
[...]

Nextcloud .htaccess korrigieren

sudo -u www-data php /var/www/html/nextcloud/occ maintenance:update:htaccess

Nextcloud-Anpassungen

mkdir -p /var/log/nextcloud/
chown -R www-data:www-data /var/log/nextcloud
sudo -u www-data cp /var/www/html/nextcloud/config/config.php /var/www/html/nextcloud/config/config.php.bak
sudo -u www-data sed -i 's/^[ ]*//' /var/www/html/nextcloud/config/config.php
sudo -u www-data sed -i '/);/d' /var/www/html/nextcloud/config/config.php
sudo -u www-data cat <<EOF >>/var/www/html/nextcloud/config/config.php
'activity_expire_days' => 14,
'auth.bruteforce.protection.enabled' => true,
'blacklisted_files' => 
array (
0 => '.htaccess',
1 => 'Thumbs.db',
2 => 'thumbs.db',
),
'cron_log' => true,
'default_phone_region' => 'DE',
'enable_previews' => true,
'enabledPreviewProviders' => 
array (
0 => 'OC\\Preview\\PNG',
1 => 'OC\\Preview\\JPEG',
2 => 'OC\\Preview\\GIF',
3 => 'OC\\Preview\\BMP',
4 => 'OC\\Preview\\XBitmap',
5 => 'OC\\Preview\\Movie',
6 => 'OC\\Preview\\PDF',
7 => 'OC\\Preview\\MP3',
8 => 'OC\\Preview\\TXT',
9 => 'OC\\Preview\\MarkDown',
),
'filesystem_check_changes' => 0,
'filelocking.enabled' => 'true',
'htaccess.RewriteBase' => '/',
'integrity.check.disabled' => false,
'knowledgebaseenabled' => false,
'logfile' => '/var/log/nextcloud/nextcloud.log',
'logtimezone' => 'Europe/Berlin',
'log_rotate_size' => 104857600,
'maintenance' => false,
'memcache.local' => '\\OC\\Memcache\\APCu',
'memcache.locking' => '\\OC\\Memcache\\Redis',
'overwriteprotocol' => 'https',
'preview_max_x' => 1024,
'preview_max_y' => 768,
'preview_max_scale_factor' => 1,
'redis' => 
array (
'host' => '/var/run/redis/redis-server.sock',
'port' => 0,
'dbindex' => 0,
'timeout' => 1.5,
),
'quota_include_external_storage' => false,
'share_folder' => '/Freigaben',
'skeletondirectory' => '',
'theme' => '',
'trashbin_retention_obligation' => 'auto, 14',
'updater.release.channel' => 'stable',
);
EOF
sudo -u www-data php /var/www/html/nextcloud occ config:system:set remember_login_cookie_lifetime --value="1800"
sudo -u www-data php /var/www/html/nextcloud occ config:system:set simpleSignUpLink.shown --type=bool --value=false
sudo -u www-data php /var/www/html/nextcloud occ config:system:set versions_retention_obligation --value="auto, 365"
sudo -u www-data php /var/www/html/nextcloud occ config:system:set loglevel --value=2
sudo -u www-data php /var/www/html/nextcloud/occ config:system:set trusted_domains 1 --value=ihre.domain.de
a2enmod ssl && a2ensite 001-nextcloud.conf 001-nextcloud-le-ssl.conf
service php8.0-fpm restart && service redis-server restart && service apache2 restart

Cronjob

crontab -u www-data -e

Fügen Sie am Ende diese Zeile hinzu

*/5 * * * * php -f /var/www/html/nextcloud/cron.php > /dev/null 2>&1

Aktivieren Sie den Cronjob innerhalb der Nextcloud

sudo -u www-data php /var/www/html/nextcloud/occ background:cron

Weitere Härtungen

a2dismod status
nano /etc/apache2/conf-available/security.conf
[...]
ServerTokens Prod
[...]
ServerSignature Off
[...]
TraceEnable Off
[...]
service php8.0-fpm restart && service redis-server restart && service apache2 restart

Installieren Sie fail2ban

apt install -y fail2ban ufw
touch /etc/fail2ban/filter.d/nextcloud.conf
cat <<EOF >/etc/fail2ban/filter.d/nextcloud.conf
[Definition]
_groupsre = (?:(?:,?\s*"\w+":(?:"[^"]+"|\w+))*)
failregex = ^\{%(_groupsre)s,?\s*"remoteAddr":"<HOST>"%(_groupsre)s,?\s*"message":"Login failed:
            ^\{%(_groupsre)s,?\s*"remoteAddr":"<HOST>"%(_groupsre)s,?\s*"message":"Trusted domain error.
datepattern = ,?\s*"time"\s*:\s*"%%Y-%%m-%%d[T ]%%H:%%M:%%S(%%z)?"
EOF

Legen Sie nun eine neue Jail-Datei an

nano /etc/fail2ban/jail.d/nextcloud.local

Kopieren Sie alle nachfolgenden Zeilen hinein:

[nextcloud]
backend = auto
enabled = true
port = 80,443
protocol = tcp
filter = nextcloud
maxretry = 5
bantime = 3600
findtime = 36000
logpath = /var/log/nextcloud/extcloud.log
service fail2ban restart

Aktivieren Sie die Firewall und passen Sie den SSH-Port 22 ggf. an

ufw allow 80/tcp && ufw allow 443/tcp && ufw allow 22/tcp
ufw logging medium
ufw enable
service ufw restart